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Nome: -1_decent_thing_universal_just thing
Quantidade de documentos: 3242
2. Knowledge obtains when some thing is perceived by sure reasoning; opinion, however, when an unsure thing still lies concealed and is grasped by no solid reasoning - for instance whether the sun is as large as it seems to be or is larger than the whole earth, or whether the moon is spherical or concave, or whether the stars are stuck to the sky or are carried through the air in a free course, or of what size and what material the heavens themselves may be, whether they are at rest and immobile or are whirling at unbelievable speed, or how thick the earth is, or on what foundation it endures balanced and suspended.
The third type is that which draws together a particularnegation froma particular affirmationanda universal negation directly, as: "A particular just thing is decent; no wicked thing is decent; therefore that particular just thing is not wicked."
It is natural as long as it investigates the courses of the sun and the moon, or the specific positions of the stars according to the seasons; but it is a superstitious belief that the astrologers (mathematicus) follow when they practice augury by the stars, or when they associate the twelve signs of the zodiac with specific parts of the soul or body, or when they attempt to predict the nativities and characters of people by the motion of the stars.
Nome: 0_tree_stone_color_grows
Quantidade de documentos: 1692
It grows in Syria and Armenia as a shrub producing seeds in clusters like grapes, with a white flower that looks like a violet's, leaves like bryony, and a good scent; it induces sweet sleep.
*µp?2oç µs2atva (i.e. black bryony), that is 'black vine' (vitis nigra), is also called 'wild vine' (labrusca); its leaves are like ivy's, and it is larger than white vine in every respect, with similar berries that grow black as they ripen, whence it took its name.
23. 'White lead' (cerussa, i.e. the cosmetic ceruse) is made in this way: fill a vessel with very sour vinegar; add vine twigs to this same vessel, and on top of the twigs place very thin sheets of lead, and then close the vessel carefully and seal it so that none of the fumes can escape.
Nome: 1_bird_birds_animal_venom
Quantidade de documentos: 583
And a wild goat is likewise a caprea (in classical Latin, a roe-deer), and an ibex (ibex), as if the word were avex, because they hold to the steep and lofty places as the birds (avis) do, and inhabit the heights, so that from these heights they are scarcely (vix) visible to human gaze.
The boa (boas), a snake in Italy of immense size, attacks herds of cattle and buffaloes, and attaches itself to the udders of the ones flowing with plenty of milk, and kills them by suckling on them, and from this takes the name 'boa,' from the destruction of cows (bos).
Some are simple, like the dove, and others clever, like the partridge; some allow themselves to be handled, like the falcon, while others are fearful, like the garamas; some enjoy the company of humans, like the swallow, while others prefer a secluded life in deserted places, like the turtledove; some feed only on the seeds they find, like the goose, while others eat meat and are eager for prey, like the kite; some are indigenous and always stay in the same location, like [
Nome: 2_garment_hair_wear_cloak
Quantidade de documentos: 319
Hair (capilli) is so called as if it came from 'strands belonging to the head' (capitis pilus), made so as both to be an ornament, and to protect the head against the cold and defend it from the sun. 'Strands of hair' (pilus) are so called after the skin (pellis) from which they grow, just as the pestle (pilo, i.e. pilum) is so called froma mortar (pila), where pigment is ground.
The mastruca is a Germanic garment made from the hides of wild animals, about which Cicero speaks in On Behalf of Scaurus (45): "He whom the royal purple did not disturb, was he moved by the mastruca of the Sardinians?" Mastruca is as if the word were monstruosus ("monstrous"), because those who wear them are transformed as if in the garb of wild animals.
Some people think the ludix (i.e. lodix, "coverlet") is named from public games (ludus), that is, the theater, for when young men used to leave the brothel at the public games, they would conceal their heads and faces with these coverings, because someone who has entered a whorehouse is usually ashamed.
Nome: 3_exile_ignarus_extra_comparative
Quantidade de documentos: 255
positus) first in the degrees of comparison, as 'learned' (doctus). 'Comparative' (comparativus) is so named because when compared (comparatus) with the positive it surpasses it, as 'more learned' (doctior) - for he knows more than someone who is merely learned. 'Superlative' (superlativus) is so called because it completely surpasses (superferre, ppl.
However, 'lacking experience' (expers), one who is without 'practical knowledge' (peritia) and understanding. 'Decked out' (exornatus), "very ornate (ornatus)," for the prefix exmeans "very," as in 'noble' (excelsus), as if 'very lofty (celsus),' and 'excellent' (eximius), as if 'very prominent (eminens).'
Banished (extorris), because one is 'outside his own land' (extra terram suam), as if the term were exterris - but properly speaking one is banished when driven out by force and ejected from his native soil with terror (terror).
Nome: 4_law_laws_punishment_consuls
Quantidade de documentos: 253
2. Custom (mos) is longstanding usage, taken likewise from 'moral habits' (mores, the plural of mos). 'Customary law' (consuetudo) moreover is a certain system of justice (ius), established by moral habits, which is received as law when law is lacking; nor does it matter whether it exists in writing or in reason, seeing that reason commends a law.
But custom (mos) is a longstanding usage drawn likewise from 'moral habits' (mores, the plural of mos). 'Customary law' (consuetudo) is a certain system of justice established by moral habits, which is taken as law when a law is lacking; nor does it matter whether it exists in writing or reasoning, since reason also validates law.
223. 'False accuser' (praevaricator), an advocate in bad faith, one who either neglects things that will be harmful when he prosecutes, or neglects things that will be profitable when he defends, or presents the case ineptly or doubtfully, having been corrupted by bribes.
Nome: 5_disease_bile_intestines_accompanied
Quantidade de documentos: 211
By these, healthy people are governed, and feeble people are stricken, for when they increase beyond their natural course they cause sickness.] Just as there are four elements, so there are four humors, and each humor resembles its element: blood resembles air, bile fire, black bile earth, and phlegm water.
Fasting (ieiunium) is parsimony of sustenance and abstinence from food, and its name is given to it from a certain portion of the intestines, always thin and empty, which is commonly called the jejunum (ieiunum).
The intestines (intestina; cf. intestinus, "inward") are so called because they are confined in the interior (interior) part of the body; they are arranged in long coils like circles, so that they may digest the food they take in little by little, and not be obstructed by added food.
Nome: 6_vergil_aen_vergil aen_vergil says
Quantidade de documentos: 186
But Vergil moderates this well, when he uses this figure not through the entire verse, like Ennius, but sometimes only at the beginning of a verse, as in this (Aen. 1.295): Saeva sedens super arma (Sitting over his savage weapons), and at other times at the end, as (Aen. 3.183): Sola mihi tales casus Cassandra canebat (Cassandra alone foretold to me such calamities).
Vergil, Aen. 2.348): Iuvenes, fortissima frustra pectora, si vobis audendi extrema cupido est certa sequi, quae sit rebus fortuna videtis.
The first cycle of nineteen: Of the moon B. C. ii Ides April xx C. vi Kalends April xvi E. xvi Kalends May xvii C. vi Ides April xx B. C. x Kalends April xv E. ii Ides April xvi C. ii Nones April xix E. viii Kalends May xx B. C. v Ides April xv When this cycle is complete one returns to the beginning.
Nome: 7_leah_lord_rachel_leah said
Quantidade de documentos: 169
Dan means "judgment," for when Bilhah gave birth to him, her mistress Rachel said (Genesis 30:6), "The Lord hath judged for me, and hearing my voice he hath given me a son."
Daniel, "judgment of God," either because in his judgment of the elders he delivered a judgment based on divinely inspired consideration when he freed Susanna from destruction by uncovering their falsity, or because, discerning with shrewd intelligence, he disclosed visions and dreams in which the future was revealed by certain details and riddles.
Obadiah, "slave of the Lord," for as Moses was servant of the Lord and the apostle Paul was the slave of Christ, so Obadiah, sent as the "ambassador to the nations" (Obadiah 1:1), comes and preaches what befits his prophetic ministry and servitudehence, "slave of the Lord."
Nome: 8_soldiers_army_battle_war
Quantidade de documentos: 145
Thus armed young men selected for their agility would ride seated behind mounted soldiers, and as soon as they encountered the enemy they would leap from the horses and now as foot soldiers would persistently harass the enemy while the mounted men who brought them would attack on the other side.
These troops are called maniples (manipulus) either because they would begin a battle in the first combat (manus), or because, before battlestandards existed, they would make 'handfuls' (manipulus) for themselves as standards, that is, bundles of straw or of some plant, and from this standard the soldiers were nicknamed 'manipulars.'
Tranquillus (i.e. Suetonius, Prata 109), however, says that triumphus is the preferred term in Latin, because he who entered the city in a triumph would be honored by a threefold judgment: in granting a triumph for a general it was customary for the army to judge first, the senate second, and the people third.
Nome: 9_morning_sun_hours_night
Quantidade de documentos: 141
Night occurs either because the sun is wearied from its long journey, and when it has passed over to the last stretch of the sky, grows weak and breathes its last fires as it dwindles away, or because the sun is driven under the earth by the same force by which it carries its light over the earth, so that the shadow of the earth makes night.
Thus spring is linked to the east (oriens), because at that time everything springs (oriri) from the earth; summer to the south, because that part is more flaming with heat; winter to the north, because it is numb with cold and continual frost; fall to the west, because it brings serious diseases, whence also at that time all the leaves of the trees fall.
The Luciferians, proudly accepting this maternal love, but not willing to accept those who had repented, withdrew fromthe communion of the Church and they deserved to fall, along with their founder, a Lucifer indeed, who would rise in the morning (i.e. as if he were Lucifer, the morning star and a name for the devil).
Nome: 10_produces_precious stones_wild beasts_sea
Quantidade de documentos: 141
And just as the land, though it is a single thing, may be referred to with various names in different places, so also this Great Sea is named with different names according to the region; for it is called Iberian and Asiatic from the names of provinces, and Balearic, Sicilian, Cretan, Cypriot, Aegean, Carpathian from the names of islands.
They may be named from their position with respect to the sky, such as the Upper (Superum) and the Lower (Inferum) Seas - because the east is upper and the west is lower - that is, the Tuscan (i.e. Tyrrhenian, known as Mare Inferum) and the Adriatic (Superum).
The larger inlets of the sea are called gulfs (sinus), as the Ionian in the Mediterranean, and in the Ocean, the Caspian, Indian, Persian and the Arabian gulf - which is also the Red Sea, which is assigned to the Ocean.
Nome: 11_measure_meters_pounds_ounce
Quantidade de documentos: 129
Meters named after feet are, for example, dactylic, iambic, trochaic, for trochaic meter is constructed from the trochee, dactylic from the dactyl, and others similarly from their feet.
18. 'Shekel' (sicel), which has been corrupted to siclus in Latin, is a Hebrew term, and among the Hebrews it has the weight of an ounce, but for Greek and Latin speakers it is one quarter of an ounce, and half a stater, weighing two drachmas.
But strictly speaking a measure (mensura) is so named because with it fruits and grains are measured (metiri) - that is, by wet measures and dry ones, such as the modius (i.e. a Roman measure of corn), [the artaba (i.e. an Egyptian measure)], the urn, and the amphora.
Nome: 12_verb_pronoun_comma_colon
Quantidade de documentos: 124
Quasi-verbal (verbis similis) nouns, so called from their similarity to the verb, as contemplator - for this word is botha verb in the imperative mood, future tense, and a noun, because it takes the comparative degree.
passus), as 'I am whipped' (verberor); neutral (neutralis) verbs, because they neither act nor undergo action, as 'Iam lying down' (iaceo), 'Iam sitting' (sedeo)- for if you add the letter r to these, they do not sound Latin.
A phrase (comma) is a small component of thought, a clause (colon) is a member, and a sentence (periodos) is a 'rounding-off or compass' (ambitus vel circuitus; cf. p?p(c)o6oç, "going round").
Nome: 13_ship_sail_oars_ships
Quantidade de documentos: 117
People suppose that the name was given to it either because it was pronounced 'in pieces' (carptim), just as today we say that wool that the scourers tear in pieces is carded (carminare), or because they used to think that people who sang those poems had lost (carere) their minds.
Some people maintain that a ship (navis) is so named because it needs a vigorous (navus) guide, that is, experienced, wise, and energetic - someone who knows how to control and take charge in the face of maritime dangers and accidents.
21.A mioparo is named as if the term were minimus paro (i.e. 'smallest paro'), for it is a skiff built of wicker that provides a kind of vessel when it has been covered with a rough hide.
Nome: 14_vulcan_venus_saturn_caelus
Quantidade de documentos: 114
They imagine that Saturn cut off the genitals of his father, the Sky (Caelus), so that the blood flowed into the sea, and that Venus was born from it as the foam of the sea solidified.
Now, it is said that Saturn cut off the male organs of his father, the Sky, and that these created Venus when they fell into the sea; this is imagined because, unless moisture descends from the sky to the land, nothing is created.
Not long afterwards, seized by a serious illness, he lost his sight, and once his vision was restored after this blindness he consecrated two obelisks to the sun god. 'Obelisk' (obeliscus) is the name of the arrow that is set up in the middle of the circus because the sun runs through the middle of the world.
Nome: 15_deny_assert_heresy_heresies
Quantidade de documentos: 110
Heresy (haeresis) is so called in Greek from 'choice' (electio, cf. a¬p?±v, "choose"), doubtless because eachperson chooses (eligere) for himself that which seems best to him, as did the Peripatetic, Academic, Epicurean, and Stoic philosophers - or just as others who, pondering perverse teachings, have withdrawn from the Church by their own will.
There are the Apellites (Apellita), of whom Apelles was the leader; he imagined that the creator was some sort of glorious angel of the supreme God, and claimed that this fiery being is the God of the Law of Israel, and said that Christ was not God in truth, but appeared as a human being in fantasy.
The Tertullianists (Tertullianista) are so called from Tertullian, a priest of the African province, of the city of Carthage; they preach that the soul is immortal, but corporeal, and they believe the souls of human sinners are turned into demons after death.
Nome: 16_music_cithara_trumpet_tuba
Quantidade de documentos: 109
The second division is organicus, and it is produced by those instruments that, when they are filled with the breath that is blown into them, are animated with the sound of a voice, like trumpets, reed pipes, pipes, organs, pandoria, and instruments similar to these.
Different types of cithara belong to this division, and also drums, cymbals, rattles, and bronze and silver vessels, and others that when struck produce a sweet ringing sound from the hardness of their metal, as well as other instruments of this sort.
It has a characteristic shared with the foreign cithara, being in the shape of the letter delta; but there is this difference between the psaltery and the cithara, that the psaltery has the hollowed wooden box from which the sound resonates on its top side, so that the strings are struck from underneath and resonate from above, but the cithara has its wooden sound-box on the bottom.
Nome: 17_syllable_vowels_consonants_vowel
Quantidade de documentos: 109
Syllables are called long and short because, due to their varying lengths of sound, they seem to take either a double or single period of time. 'Diphthong' (dipthongus) syllables are so called from the Greek word (i.e. from 6t-, "double" + ??9ó??oç, "sound"), because in them two vowels are joined.
The acute (acutus) accent is so called because it sharpens (acuere) and raises the syllable; the grave (gravis, lit. "heavy") accent, because it depresses and lowers, for it is the opposite of the acute.
Accents were invented either for the sake of distinguishing, as (Vergil, Aen. 8.83): Viridique in litore conspicitur sus (And a pig is seen on the green shore) so that you won't say ursus ("bear"); or for the sake of pronunciation, lest you pronounce meta as short and not as me¯ta, with its a lengthened; or because of an ambiguity which must be resolved, as ergo.
Nome: 18_fig_obols_line_formulation
Quantidade de documentos: 104
Whence the letter alpha is used to mark the measure of lines, since this letter signifies 'one' among the Greeks (a figure follows in manuscript).
ooç, "equal"; p2?Up?, "side") is a plane figure; it is upright and constructed from its base (fig.; apparently an isosceles or equilateral triangle).
These are the diametric (diametrus), or quadratic (quadratus, i.e. tetragonal), or triangular (trigonus), or hexagonal (hexagonus), or asyndetic (asyndetus), or coincident (simul), or circumferent (circumferre), that is, they are either 'carry to a higher degree' (superferre) or 'are carried.'
Nome: 19_numbers_number_compared_times
Quantidade de documentos: 101
A continuous (continens) number is one that is composed of conjoined units, [as], for example, when the number 3 is understood in terms of its magnitude, that is, in its linear dimension, or is said to be containing (continens) either a space or a solid; likewise for the numbers 4 or
You add together a low and a high number, you divide them, and you find the mean; take, for example, the low and high numbers 6 and 12: when you join them, they make 18; you divide this at its midpoint, and you make 9, which is an arithmetic proportion, in that the mean exceeds the low number by as many units as the mean is exceeded by the high number.
It is quite certain that numbers are 'without limit' (infinitus), since at whatever number you think the limit has been reached, that same number can be increased - not, I say, by the addition of only one, but however large it is, and however huge a number it contains, by reason and by the science of numbers it can be not only doubled, but even further multiplied.
Nome: 20_thighs_knees_muscles_bones
Quantidade de documentos: 98
Because it is equal in its length and its curvature, the straight part of the nose is called the column (columna); its tip is pirula, from the shape of the fruit of a pear-tree (pirus); the parts to the left and right are called 'little wings' (pinnula), from similarity to wings (ala; cf. pinna, "feather"), and the middle part is called interfinium.
The spine (spina, also meaning "thorn") is the backbone (iunctura dorsi, "linkage of the back"), so called because it has sharp spurs; its joints are called vertebrae (spondilium) on account of the part of the brain (i.e. the spinal cord) that is carried through them via a long duct to the other parts of the body.
Capitals (capitolium, i.e. capitulum or capitella) are named thus because they are the heads (caput, gen. capitis) of columns (columna), just like a head on a neck (collum).
Nome: 21_goths_bactrians_scythians_getulians
Quantidade de documentos: 95
The Scythian peoples in regions of Asia Minor, who believe that they are descendants of Jason, are born with white (albus) hair because of the incessant snow, and the color of their hair gave the nation its name - hence they are called Albanians.
The Thracians are thought to have descended and taken their name from the son of Japheth named Tiras, as was said above (section 31 above), although the pagans judge that they were named for their behavior, because they are ferocious (trux, gen. trucis).
Little by little the Libyans altered the name of these people, in their barbarous tongue calling the Medes 'Moors' (Maurus), although the Moors are named by the Greeks for their color, for the Greeks call black µaUpóç (i.e. ?µaUpóç, "dark"), and indeed, blasted by blistering heat, they have a countenance of a dark color.
Nome: 22_circle_sphere_planets_stars
Quantidade de documentos: 94
They say that the sphere of heaven moves on these two poles, and with its movement, the stars, whichare fixed in it, make their circuit fromthe east to the west, with the northern stars completing shorter circular courses next to the turning point.
The North (septentrio) is so called from the seven (septem) stars at the North Pole (i.e. the Big Dipper), which wheel as they rotate around it.
The axis (axis) is a straight line from the North that extends through the center ball of the sphere, and it is called 'axis' because around it the sphere turns like a wheel, or because the Wain (i.e. 'wagon,' another name for the Big Dipper) is there.
Nome: 23_fish_shell_crabs_oysters
Quantidade de documentos: 92
5. Based on a similarity to land animals, such as 'frogs' (i.e. "frog-fish," and so for the rest) and 'calves' and 'lions' and 'blackbirds' and 'peacocks,' colored with various hues on the neck and back, and 'thrushes,' mottled with white, and other fish that took for themselves the names of land animals according to their appearance.
With marvelous ingenuity they live on oyster flesh, for, because the oyster's strong shell cannot be opened, the crab spies out when the oyster opens the closed barricade of its shell, and then stealthily puts a pebble inside, and with the closing thus impeded, eats the oyster's flesh.
Pliny (Natural History 32.142) says there are 144 names for all the animals living in the waters, divided into these kinds: whales, snakes common to land and water, crabs, shellfish, lobsters, mussels, octopuses, sole, Spanish mackerel (lacertus), squid, and the like.
Nome: 24_sword_spear_framea_spatha
Quantidade de documentos: 91
A lance (lancea) is a spear with a strap attached to the middle of its shaft; it is called lancea because it is thrown weighed equally in the 'scales' (lanx, ablative lance), that is, with the strap evenly balanced.
Tongs (forceps, plural forcipes), as if the word were ferricipes, because they seize (capere) and hold the whitehot iron (ferrum), or because we seize and hold something forvus with them, as if the word were forvicapes, for forvus means "hot" - whence also the word 'fiery' (fervidus).
The term forfex is treated in accordance with its etymology: if it is so called from 'thread' (filum), the letter f is used, as in tailors' scissors (forfex); if from 'hair' (pilus), the letter p, as in a barbers' tweezers (forpex); if from 'snatching out' (accipere), the letter c, as in blacksmiths' tongs (forceps), because they 'seize the hot thing' (formum capere).
Nome: 25_2yvo lamp_2yvo_radix_term greek
Quantidade de documentos: 91
Laetus ("joyful") is written with a diphthong, because 'joyfulness' (laetitia) is so called from 'wideness' (latitudo), the opposite of which is sorrow, which causes constriction.
. Metalepsis (metalempsis) is a trope designating what follows from what precedes it, as (Persius, Satires 3.11): The hand of this sheet came, and a knotty reed pen.
Taos is similar to a peacock (cf. taÛç, "peacock"); hieracitis has the color of a hawk (cf. ¬spa(, "hawk"); aetitis, the color of an eagle (cf. ??tóç, "eagle"); aegophthalmos looks like a goat's eye (cf. a
Nome: 26_philosophy_philosopher_philosophy called_logic
Quantidade de documentos: 89
There are three kinds of philosophy: one natural (naturalis), which in Greek is 'physics' (physica), in which one discusses the investigation of nature; a second moral (moralis), which is called 'ethics' (ethica) in Greek, in which moral behavior is treated; a third rational (rationalis), which is named with the Greek term 'logic' (logica), in which there is disputation concerning how in the causes of things and in moral behavior the truth itself may be investigated.
And indeed, divine eloquence (i.e. the Bible) likewise consists of these three branches of philosophy; it is likely to treat nature, as in Genesis and Ecclesiastes, or conduct, as in Proverbs and here and there in all the books, or logic - by virtue of which our (Christian) writers lay claim to the theory of interpretation (theoretica) for themselves, as in the Song of Songs and the Gospels.
That branch of philosophy is called speculative (inspectivus) by which, having passed beyond visible things, we contemplate in some measure concerning divine and heavenly things, and we investigate those things by the mind alone because they pass beyond the corporeal gaze.
Nome: 27_jerusalem_samaria_jebusites_canaanites
Quantidade de documentos: 88
who were transported to that place, when Israel was captive and led off to Babylon, coming to the land of the region of Samaria, kept the customs of the Israelites in part, which they had learned from a priest who had been brought back, and in part they kept the pagan custom that they had possessed in the land of their birth.
Thus no original sound of the word remains to show that the Egyptians arose from the son of Ham named Mesraim (i.e. Egypt), or similarly with regard to the Ethiopians, who are said to descend from that son of Ham named Cush.
Sennacherib, king of the Assyrians, built Samaria, from which the whole region that surrounded it took its name, and he called it 'Samaria,' that is, 'The Watch,' because when he delivered Israel into the hands of the Medes he set watchmen there.
Nome: 28_kin_brothers_gens_family
Quantidade de documentos: 87
These are words that appear to be derived from the word for family (gens): genitor, genetrix, agnatus, agnata, cognatus, cognata, progenitor, progenitrix, germanus, germana.
While this consanguinity diminishes towards the last degree, as it subdivides through the levels of descent, and kinship (propinquitas) ceases to exist, the law recovers it again through the bond of matrimony, and in a certain way calls it back as it slips away.
Thus, consanguinity is established up to the sixth degree of kinship, so that just as the generation of the world and the status of humankind comes to an end through six ages, so kinship in a family is terminated by the same number of degrees.
Nome: 29_field_plow_fields_plowed
Quantidade de documentos: 82
Doting (delerus, i.e. delirus), demented from old age, after the term 2?p?±v ("prattle"), or because one wanders from straight thinking as if from the lira - for a lira (i.e. the balk between furrows) is a kind of plowed land when farmers, at the time of sowing, make straight furrows in which the whole crop is set.
A field is called 'naturally enclosed' (arcifinius) when it is not bounded by fixed measures of boundary-lines, but its 'boundaries are enclosed' (arcentur fines) by a barrier of rivers, mountains, or trees - wherefore also no leftover patches of land interrupt these fields.
Thus our ancestors divided the earth into parts, parts into provinces, provinces into regions, regions into locales, locales into territories, territories into fields, fields into hundred-measures, hundred-measures into jugers, jugers into lots sixty feet square, and then these lots into furrow-measures, Roman rods, paces, steps, cubits, feet, palms, inches, and fingers.
Nome: 30_argument_rhetoric_arguments_dialectic
Quantidade de documentos: 78
Cicero puts it thus in his art of rhetoric (On Invention 1.9): "If deliberation (deliberatio) and demonstration (demonstratio) are kinds of arguments (causa), they cannot rightly be considered parts of any one kind of argument - for the same thing can be a kind of one thing and part of another, but not a kind and a part of the same thing," and so forth, up to the point where the constituents of this syllogism are concluded.
The argument is 'by impugning' (a repugnantibus) when what is objected is demolished by some contrary position, as Cicero (Defense of King Deiotarus 15): "This man, therefore, not only freed from such danger, but enriched with most ample honor, would have wished to kill you at home."
This class of arguments is divided into five types: first, 'by the character' (ex persona); second, 'by the authority of nature' (ex naturae auctoritate); third, 'by the circumstances of the authorities' (ex temporibus auctoritatum); fourth, 'from the sayings and deeds of ancestors' (ex dictis factisque maiorum); fifth, 'by torture' (ex tormentis).
Nome: 31_matthew_luke_apostles_gospel
Quantidade de documentos: 77
First Matthew wrote his Gospel in Hebrew characters and words in Judea, taking as his starting point for spreading the gospel (evangelizare) the human birth of Christ, saying (1:1): "The book of the generation of Jesus Christ, the son of David, the son of Abraham" - meaning that Christ descended bodily from the seed of the patriarchs, as was foretold in the prophets through the Holy Spirit.
He began his Gospel with a prophetic spirit, saying (1:3, quoting the prophet Isaiah 40:3): "A voice of one crying in the desert: Prepare ye the way of the Lord" - so that he might show that after his assumption of flesh Christ preached the Gospel in the world.
Fourth, John wrote the last Gospel in Asia, beginning with the Word, so that he might show that the same Savior who deigned to be born and to suffer for our sake was himself the Word of God before the world was, the same who came down from heaven, and after his death went back again to heaven.
Nome: 32_prostitute_prostitutes_intercourse_woman
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For, contrary to human modesty, it was their custom to copulate publicly with their wives, insisting that it is lawful and decent to lie openly with one's wife, because it is a lawful union; they preach that this should be done publicly in the streets or avenues like dogs.
193. 'Prodigal' (nepos), so called from a certain kind of scorpion (i.e. nepa) that consumes its offspring except for the one that has settled on its back; for in turn the very one that has been saved consumes the parent; hence people who consume the property of their parents with riotous living are called prodigals.
As I was saying, woman (mulier) is named for her feminine sex, not for a corruption of her innocence, and this is according to the word of Sacred Scripture, for Eve was called woman as soon as she was made from the side of her man, when she had not yet had any contact with a man, as is said in the Bible (cf. Gen. 2:22): "And he formed her into a woman (mulier)."
Nome: 33_month_moon_lunar_march
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It is called the bissextus because twice six (bis sexies) reckoned up makes a whole unit (i.e. of the twelve ounces in a Roman pound), which is one day - just as a quarter-unit (quadrans) is reckoned up by four times (quater) - because a bissextus is how far the sun goes beyond the course of the days in the year, [or because it is not able to be intercalated in its own year unless you compute 'twice the sixth' (bis sextus) day before the nones of March, that is, both with the first day as the sixth day before the nones of March and, with the bissextus added, with the second day repeated as the sixth day before the nones of March].
For the moon in its course is known to shine twentynine and a half days, so that there are 354 (i.e. 12 × 29.5) days in a lunar year; there remain in the course of a solar year eleven days, which the Egyptians add (adicere).
The neomenia we call kalends (i.e. the first day of the month), but this is the Hebrew usage, because their months (mensis) are computed according to the lunar course, and in Greek the moon is called µ?v?, hence neomenia, that is, the new moon.
Nome: 34_auster_lightning_clouds_winds
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For when it is stirred, it makes winds; when more vehemently agitated, it makes lightning and thunder; when compressed, clouds; when condensed, rain; when it has frozen clouds, snow; when denser clouds freeze with more turbulence, hail; when it expands, bright weather.
Sometimes this shakes everything so violently that it seems to have split the sky, because, when a blast of very violent wind suddenly throws itself into clouds, with an increasingly powerful whirlwind seeking an exit, with a great crash it tears through the cloud, which it has hollowed out, and thus thunder is carried to the ears with a horrendous din.
3. Subsolanus has Vulturnus from the right side and Eurus from the left; Auster has Euroauster from the right and Austroafricus from the left; Favonius has Africus from the right and Corus from the left; finally Septentrio has Circius from the right and Aquilo from the left.
Nome: 35_easter_sabbath_day_easter day
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The holy Fathers prohibited this celebration at the Nicene synod, legislating that one should seek out not only the paschal moon and month, but also should observe the day of the Lord's resurrection; and because of this they extended the paschal season from the fourteenth day of the moon to the twenty-first day, so that Sunday would not be passed over.
Indeed, that Easter Day is celebrated on a day of the third week - that is on a day that falls from the fourteenth to the twentyfirst - signifies that in the whole time of the world, which is accomplished in seven periods of days, this holy event has now opened up the third age.
The Latin Church locates the moon of the first month (i.e. of the Roman calendar's year) from March 5 through April 3, and if the fifteenth day of the new moon should fall on a Sunday, Easter Day is moved forward to the next Sunday.
Nome: 36_cadaver_buried_altar_munus
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Arioli are so called because they utter abominable prayers around the 'altars of idols' (ara idolorum), and offer pernicious sacrifices, and in these rites receive the answers of demons.
A 'manumitted man' (manumissus) is so called as if the term were manu emissus ("delivered by a hand"), for in ancient times whenever they would liberate (manumittere) someone they would turn him around after he was struck with a slap and confirm him to be free.
A 'threshing floor' (area) is named for the levelness of its floor, and it is called area because of its flatness and evenness - hence also altar (ara).
Nome: 37_form slave_according form_humanity_almighty
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5; cited from Augustine, Christian Doctrine 3.7.11): You, father Neptune, whose white temples, wreathed with crashing brine, resound; to whom the great Ocean flows forth as your eternal beard, and in whose hair rivers wander.
Thus the 'traces' of God are spoken of, because now God is known through a mirror (I Corinthians 13:12), but he is recognized as the Almighty at the culmination, when in the future he becomes present face to face for each of the elect, so that they behold his appearance, whose traces they now try to comprehend, that is, him whom it is said they see through a mirror.
For although he is coeternal with God the Father before worldly time, when the fullness of time arrived, the Son for our salvation took the form of a slave (Philippians 2:7), and the Son of God became a son of humankind.
Nome: 38_age_old age_old_youth
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With this, people intend to distinguish the ages of man: the first, adolescence, is ferocious and bristling, like a lion; the midpart of life is the most lucid, like a she-goat, because she sees most acutely; then comes old age with its crooked happenstances - the dragon.
The term 'age' properly is used in two ways: either as an age ofa humanas infancy, youth, old ageor as an age of the world, whose first age is from Adam to Noah; second from Noah to Abraham; third from Abraham to David; fourth from David to the exile of Judah to Babylon; fifth from then, [
The fifth is the age of an elder person (senior), that is, maturity (gravitas), which is the decline from youth into old age; it is not yet old age, but no longer youth, because it is the age of an older person, which the Greeks call pp?oßát?ç - for with the Greeks an old person is not called presbyter, but yspYv.
Nome: 39_spirit_trinity_holy spirit_holy
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Although this name is not written in Sacred Scripture, nevertheless it is supported in the formal naming of the whole Trinity because an account is offered according to which it is shown to be spoken correctly, just as in those books we never read that the Father is the Unbegotten (Ingenitus), yet we have no doubt that he should be spoken of and believed tobe that.2
Some understand that the Trinity is signified in Psalm 50: in the "perfect Spirit" (vs. 14) the Father, in the "right Spirit" (vs. 12) the Son, in the "holy spirit" (vs. 13) the Holy Spirit.
But for the Father and Son and Holy Spirit, because of their one and equal divinity, the name is observed to be not 'gods' but 'God,' as the Apostle says (I Corinthians 8:6): "Yet to us there is but one God," or as we hear from the divine voice (Mark 12:29, etc.), "Hear, O Israel: the Lord thy God is one God," namely inasmuch as he is both the Trinity and the one Lord God.
Nome: 40_poets_poems_tragedians_poet
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The grammarians are accustomed to call those poems 'centos' (cento) which piece together their own particular work in a patchwork (centonarius) manner from poems of Homer and Vergil, making a single poem out of many scattered passages previously composed, based on the possibilities offered by each source.
Whence poets (poeta) are so called, thus says Tranquillus (i.e. Suetonius, On Poets 2) "When people first began to possess a rational way of life, having shaken off their wildness, and to come to know themselves and their gods, they devised for themselves a humble culture and the speech required for their ideas, and devised a greater expression of both for the worship of their gods.
Satirists (saturicus) are so called either because they are filled with all eloquence, or from fullness (saturitas) and abundance - for they speak about many things at the same time - or from the platter (i.e. satura) with various kinds of fruit and produce that people used to offer at the temples of the pagans, or the name is taken from 'satyr plays' (satyrus), which contain things that are said in drunkenness, and go unpunished.
Nome: 41_property_pignus_loan_luxurious
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3. Property (res) is so named from holding rightly (recte), and 'legal titles' from possessing lawfully, for what is possessed 'with title' (ius), is possessed 'lawfully' (iuste), and what is possessed lawfully is possessed well.
A pignus is that which is given in place of something borrowed, and when the loan is returned, the pignus is immediately given back, but an arra is that which is given first, in partial payment for property purchased with a contract of good faith, and afterward the payment is completed.
Momentum is so called from shortness of time, requiring that the loan be returned as soon as the transaction is secured, and that there should be no delay in the recovery of the debt; just as a moment (momentum) possesses no space - its point in time is so short that it has no duration of any kind.
Nome: 42_circus_games_gymnasium_chariots
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The circus (circensis) games are so called either from 'going in a circle' (circumire), or because, where the turning-posts are now, formerly swords were set up which the chariots would go around - and hence they were called circenses games after the 'swords around' (ensis + circa) which they would run.
The circus was chiefly dedicated by the pagans to the sun god, whose shrine was in the middle of the racetrack and whose effigy shone out from the gable of the shrine, because they did not think that he, whom they believed was in the open, ought to be worshipped under a roof.
3. Furthermore, they say that chariots race on wheels (rota) either because the world whirls by with the speed of its circle, or because of the sun, which wheels (rotare) in a circular orbit, as Ennius says (Annals 558): Thence the shining wheel (rota) cleared the sky with its rays.
Nome: 43_minerva_diana_goddess_arts
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4.487): She promises with her spells to soothe whichever minds she wishes, but to bring hard cares to others; to make the water of rivers stand still, to turn the stars back, and to raise night ghosts; you will see the earth groan underfoot, and wild mountain-ashes descend from the hills.
Pagans imagine that there are three Fates - with the distaff, with the spindle, and with fingers spinning a thread from the wool - on account of the three tenses: the past, which is already spun and wound onto the spindle; the present, which is drawn between the fingers of the spinner; and the future, in the wool which is twisted onto the distaff, and which is yet to be drawn through the fingers of the spinner to the spindle, just as the present is yet to be drawn over to the past.
But this is merely a poetic fiction, for Minerva is not the originator of these arts, but, because intelligence is said to be in a person's head - and Minerva was imagined to have been born from Jupiter's head - this is native ingenuity.
Nome: 44_founded_built_antioch_founded city
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The royal palace of Cyrus is there, distinguished by its white and variegated stone, with golden columns and paneled ceilings and jewels, even containing a replica of the sky embellished with twinkling stars, and other things beyond human belief.
Seleucus, one of Alexander's followers, after the death of the same Alexander, having seized the rule of the East, founded a city in Syria and named it Antioch after the name of his father, Antiochus, and made it the capital of Syria.
Achaea was built by Achaeus; Pelops, who ruled among the Argives, founded the city of Peloponnensis; Cecrops built Rhodes on the island of Rhodes; Carpathus built Cos; Aeos, son of Typhon, built Paphos; Angeus, son of Lycurgus, built Samos; Dardanus founded Dardania.
Nome: 45_lydia_phrygia_ptolomais_lycia
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In the west it borders on Phrygia Minor, in the east it has the city of Smyrna, which is encircled by the river Helles; the rivers Pactolus and Hermus, very rich in golden sand, flow around its fields.
5. 'Pentapolis' inthe Greek tongue is so called after its 'five cities' (cf. psvt?, "five"; pó2tç, "city"), namely Berenice, Ceutria, Apollonia, Ptolomais, and Cyrene; of these Ptolomais and Berenice were named after their rulers.
Cos (Coos) is an island lying adjacent to the province of Attica; on it the physician Hippocrates was born and, as Varro testifies, it was first famous for the art of preparing wool for the adornment of women.
Nome: 46_papyrus_library_books_papyrus sheets
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Ptolemy in particular, known as Philadelphus, and very perceptive about all kinds of literature, collected for his library not only pagan authors, but even divine literature, because he emulated Pisistratus in his zeal for libraries.
Before the use of papyrus sheets or parchment, the contents of letters were written on shingles hewn from wood, whence people called the bearers of these 'tabletcouriers' (tabellarius).
Whence what we write on is calleda book (liber) because before the use of papyrus sheets or parchment, scrolls were made - that is, joined together - from the inner bark of trees.
Nome: 47_orator_oratory_oration_speech
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Inthe case of rhetoricians verba ("words") is used of their speech as a whole, as in verbis bonis nos cepit ("he captivated us with good words"), verba bona habuit ("he had good words"), where what is meant is not only the verba that fall into three tenses (i.e. the verbs), but the entire speech.
With regard to style (elocutio) it will be correct to use what the matter, the place, the time, and the character of the audience require, ensuring that profane things are not be mingled with religious, immodest with chaste, frivolous with weighty, playful with earnest, or laughable with sad.
3. Aristotle, a man most skilled in the manner of expressing things and in forming statements, names this perihermenia, which we call 'interpretation' (interpretatio), specifically because things conceived in the mind are rendered (interpretari) in expressed words through cataphasis and apophasis, that is affirmation and negation.
Nome: 48_portents_divination_vates_future
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3. Varro is the originator of the idea that 'seers' (vates) are so called from the force (vis) of the mind, or from plaiting (viere) songs, that is, from 'turning' or modulating them; accordingly the poets in Latin were once called vates, and their writings called 'prophetic' (vaticinius), because they were inspired to write by a certain force (vis), a madness (vesania), as it were; or because they 'link' words in rhythms, with the ancients using the term viere instead of vincire ("bind").
Prudentius also spoke thus about Mercury (Against the Oration of Symmachus 1.90): It is told that he recalled perished souls to the light by the power of a wand that he held, but condemned others to death, and a little later he adds, For with a magic murmur you know how to summon faint shapes and enchant sepulchral ashes.
Some portents seem to have been created as indications of future events, for God sometimes wants to indicate what is to come through some defects in newborns, and also through dreams and oracles, by which he may foreshadow and indicate future calamity for certain peoples or individuals, as is indeed proved by abundant experience.
Nome: 49_dinner_reclining_couch_couches
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The dining room (coenaculum) is named from the gathering (communio; cf. motvóç, "common"; cena, "dinner") at dinner; hence also the cloister (coenobium) is a gathering (congregatio).
5. 'Sumptuous meals' (epulae) are so called from the opulence (opulentia) of things. 'Ordinary meals' (epulae simplices) are divided into two necessary elements, bread and wine, and two categories beyond these, namely, what people seek out for eating from the land and from the sea.
Hence also merenda (see ii.12 above), because in ancient times that was the time at which plain (merus) bread would be given to laboring servants - or, because at that time of day people 'took a siesta' (meridiare) alone and separately, not, that is, as at lunch and dinner, gathered at one table.
Nome: 50_snake_snakes_asp_reptile
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And it is said that when an asp begins to give in to an enchanter who has called it with certain special chants so that he may draw it from its cave, and the asp does not want to come out, it presses one ear against the ground and blocks and closes up the other with its tail [
The tracks left by snakes are such that, although they are seen to lack feet, they nevertheless crawl on their ribs with forward thrusts of their scales, which are spread evenly from the highest part of the neck to the lowest part of the belly.
Hence if a snake is crushed by some blow to any part of the body, from the belly to the head, it is unable to make its way, having been crippled, because wherever the blow strikes it breaks the spine, which activates the 'feet' of the ribs and the motion of the body.
Nome: 51_lake_pool_currents_lake asphalti
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3. Lake Asphalti (i.e. Lake Asphaltites) is the same as the Dead Sea, so named because it generates nothing living and tolerates no type of living creature, for it has no fish and does not allow itself to be used by birds that are accustomed to water and rejoice at diving.
Lake Avernus was named because birds (avis) were unable to fly over it, for in an earlier time it was so surrounded with a thick forest that the overpowering odor of its sulfurous water, evaporating in an enclosed space, would kill the birds flying over it with its exhalation.
Bitumen (bitumen) comes forth in the lake Asphaltites (i.e. the Dead Sea) in Judea; sailors in skiffs collect floating clumps of it as they draw near.
Nome: 52_road_roads_portico_iter
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Others say doorway is so called because it detains an enemy (ostis, i.e. hostis), for there we set ourselves against our adversaries - hence also the name of the town Ostia at the mouth of the Tiber, because it is set there to oppose the enemy (cf.
We call our road measures 'miles' (miliarum), the Greeks 'stades' (stadium), the Gauls 'leagues' (leuga), the Egyptians schoeni, the Persians 'parasangs' (parasanga).
A 'mountain path' (clivosum) is a winding road. 'Footprints' (vestigium) are the traces of the feet imprinted by the soles of those who went first, so called because by means of them the paths of those who have gone before are traced (investigare), that is, recognized.
Nome: 53_verse_faults_orpheus_word beginning
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. Anadiplosis (anadiplosis) occurs when a following verse begins with the same word that ended the previous verse, as in this (Vergil, Ecl. 8.55): Certent et cygnis ululae, sit Tityrus Orpheus, Orpheus in silvis, inter delphinas Arion (And let the screech-owls compete with the swans, let Tityrus be Orpheus, an Orpheus in the woods, an Arion among the dolphins).
Epanaphora is the repetition of a word at the beginning of each phrase in a single verse, as (Vergil, Aen. 7.759): Te nemus Anguitiae, vitrea te Focinus unda, te liquidi flevere lacus (For you the forest of Anguitia wept, for you Lake Fucinus with its glassy wave, for you the clear lakes).
The lyric poets speak of clausulae as cutoff verses substituted for whole verses, as with Horace (Epodes 2.1): Beatus ille, qui procul negotiis (O happy he who, far from busyness), and then a cutoff verse follows: Ut prisca gens mortalium (Like the first race of mortals), and thus alternate verses in succession lack some part: similar to the verse preceding, but shorter (i.e. iambic trimeters alternate with iambic dimeters).
Nome: 54_testament_witnesses_codicil_testamentum
Quantidade de documentos: 48
2.A testament (testamentum) is so called because, unless the testator (testator) died, one could not confirm or know what was written in it, because it is closed and sealed, and it is also called 'testament' because it is not valid until after the setting up of the memorial of the testator (testatoris monumentum), whence also the Apostle (Hebrews 9:17): "The testament," he says, "is of force after people are dead."
It is common knowledge that because of the difficulty of legal terminology, and the necessity of employing formalities, the wishes of the dead have been given support through the service of the codicil, so that whoever writes such a statement uses the heading of 'codicil' for what he writes.
In fact, in Greek an accuser is called diabolus, either because he brings before God the crimes into which he himself lures people, or because he accuses the innocence of the elect with fabricated crimes - whence also in the Apocalypse (12:10) it is said by the voice of an angel: "The accuser of our brethren is cast forth, who accused them before our God day and night."
Nome: 55_aeneas_caesar_caesars_julius
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A monster to which a woman gave birth, whose upper body parts were human, but dead, while its lower body parts came from diverse animals, yet were alive, signified to Alexander the sudden murder of the king - for the worse parts had outlived the better ones.
. Portents, then, or unnatural beings, exist in some cases in the form of a size of the whole body that surpasses common human nature, as in the case of Tityos who, as Homer witnesses, covered nine jugers (i.e. about six acres) when lying prostrate; in other cases in the form of a smallness of the whole body, as in dwarfs (nanus), or those whom the Greeks call pygmies (pygmaeus), because they are a cubit tall.
There are accounts of certain monstrous metamorphoses and changes of humans into beasts, as in the case of that most notorious sorceress Circe, who is said to have transformed the companions of Ulysses into beasts, and the case of the Arcadians who, when their lot was drawn, would swim across a certain pond and would there be converted into wolves.
Nome: 56_columns_construction_carpenters_carpenters square
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There are four kinds of round columns: Doric, Ionic, Tuscan, and Corinthian, differing among themselves in the ratio of thickness to height.
Architraves (epistolium, i.e. epistylium) are the beams placed above the capitals of columns, and the word is Greek, [that is, 'placed above.'] Roof-tiles (tegulae), because they cover (tegere) buildings; and 'curved roof-tiles' (imbrex), because they fend off the rain (imber).
In short, unless everything in the construction is made according to the plumb-line and a sure ruler, it is inevitable that everything will be built awry, so that some things will be crooked, others sloping, some leaning forward and some leaning back - and so all building must be constructed with these tools.
Nome: 57_years_40 years_40_15 years
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4773 Artaxerxes, 40 years.
4792 Darius, [also named Nothus] 19 years.
4832 Artaxerxes, 40 years.
Nome: 58_spain_cadiz_carthage_iberus
Quantidade de documentos: 48
The Celtiberians descended from the Celtic Gauls, and from these names their district, Celtiberia, was named - for they were named Celtiberians after the river Iberus of Spain, where they are settled, and after the Gauls, who were called Celtic, with the two terms combined.
The third of the globe that is called Europe (Europa) begins with the river Tanais (i.e. the Don), passing to the west along the northern Ocean as far as the border of Spain, and its eastern and southern parts rise from the Pontus (i.e. the Black Sea) and are bordered the whole way by the Mediterranean and end in the islands of Gades (i.e. Cadiz).
The city Septe (i.e. Ceuta) is named from its seven (septem) mountains, called The Brothers (Fratres) because of their mutual resemblance, which border on the Strait of Gibraltar (Gaditanus fretus, 'Strait of Cadiz').
Nome: 59_begot_sons_shem_japheth
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Indeed, when Noah was 500 years old he begot three sons: Shem, Ham, and Japheth.
From Adam to this cataclysm there are 2252 years.] The second age 2244 Two years after the Flood, [when he was 100 years old,] Shem begot Arphachshad, from whom sprang the Chaldeans.
These are the nations from the stock of Japheth, which occupy the middle region of Asia Minor from Mount Taurus to the north and all of Europe up to the Britannic Ocean, bequeathing their names to both places and peoples.
Nome: 60_sicily_alps_italus_alpes
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3. Sallust (Histories, 4.26) writes that the Straits of Sicily, which are called Rhegium, are named for this reason, that at one time Sicily had been joined to Italy, and when they were a single land, the intervening space was either overwhelmed by the waters due to its low elevation, or was cut through due to its narrowness.
It is separated from Italy by a narrow strait, and looks out upon the African Sea; it has rich soil and abundant gold, and is riddled with caves and tunnels, full of winds and sulfur; accordingly the flames of Mount Etna show themselves there.
The Aeolian islands of Sicily (i.e. the Lipari) are named after Aeolus, son of Hippotes, whom poets feigned to have been the king of the winds: to the contrary, according to Varro, he was the ruler of these islands and, because he would predict from their clouds and smoke the future direction of winds, he seemed to na¨ive people to have controlled the winds by his own power.
Nome: 61_martyrs_sanctum_temple_martyr
Quantidade de documentos: 47
The offertory (offertorium) gets its name for the following reason: a fertum (sacrificial cake) is the name of an oblation which is offered (offerre) and sacrificed at the altar by high priests, and from this the offertory is named, as if 'because of the fertum.'
Indeed, many people, suffering the snares of the enemy and resisting all carnal desires, because they sacrificed themselves in their hearts for almighty God, became martyrs even in times of peace - those indeed who, if a period of persecution had occurred, could have been martyrs.
The sacrarium is properly the place in a temple where holy things (sacrum) are put away; similarly the 'temple treasurechamber' (donarium), where offerings are gathered; similarly the 'rows of seating' (lectisternium) where people are accustomed to sit.
Nome: 62_judea_flood_nile_libanus
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The river Araxis (i.e. the Araks) in Armenia, which arises from the same mountain as the Euphrates, but from different underground channels, is so named because it destroys everything with its rapacity (rapacitas, from rapax, "rapacious").
It originates at the foot of Mount Libanus (i.e. Mt. Lebanon), and separates Judea from Arabia; after many twists and turns it flows into the Dead Sea near Jericho.
From here Egypt is in the east, the Greater Syrtes and the Trogodytae (i.e. the Troglodytes) are in the west, the Libyan Sea lies to the north, and in the south are Ethiopia and various barbarian nations and inaccessible wilderness, which also brings forth basilisk serpents.
Nome: 63_angels_archangels_angel_orders
Quantidade de documentos: 46
4. Holy Scripture witnesses moreover that there are nine orders of angels, that is Angels, Archangels, Thrones, Dominations, Virtues, Principalities, Powers, Cherubim, and Seraphim (angelus, archangelus, thronus, dominatio, virtus, principatus, potestas, cherub, seraph).
Translated from Hebrew into Latin they are 'Multitude of Knowledge' (multitudo scientiae), for they are a higher band of angels, and because, placed nearer, they have been more amply filled with divine knowledge than the others, they are called Cherubim, that is, "Fullness (plenitudo) of Knowledge."
4. Also the Cherubim, that is, a garrison of angels, have been drawn up above the flaming sword to prevent evil spirits from approaching, so that the flames drive off human beings, and angels drive off the wicked angels, in order that access to Paradise may not lie open either to flesh or to spirits that have transgressed.
Nome: 64_vulgate_genesis_psalm_firmament
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For instance (Psalm 98:1 Vulgate), "He that sitteth on the cherubims" is said with reference to position; and (Psalm 103:6 Vulgate) "The deep like a garment is its clothing," referring to vesture; and (Psalm 101:28 Vulgate) "Thy years shall not fail," which pertains to time; and (Psalm 138:8 Vulgate) "If I ascend into heaven, thou art there," referring to place.
In Sacred Scripture the sky is called the firmament (firmamentum), because it is secured (firmare) by the course of the stars and by fixed and immutable laws.
This derives from the Hebrew language and is called cor from its similarity to a mound, for Hebrew speakers call mounds corea - for thirty modii heaped up together look like a mound, and equal the weight that a camel carries.
Nome: 65_immutable_incorruptible_eternal_immortal
Quantidade de documentos: 45
And these four terms signify one thing, for one and the same thing is meant, whether God is called eternal or immortal or incorruptible or immutable.
But human poverty of diction has taken up this term from our usage, and likewise for the remaining terms, insofar as what is ineffable can be spoken of in any way - for human speech says nothing suitable about God - so the other terms are also deficient.
There are certain terms applied to God from human usage, taken from our body parts or from lesser things, and because in his own nature he is invisible and incorporeal, nevertheless appearances of things, as the effects of causes, are ascribed to him, so that he might more easily make himself known to us by way of the usage of our speech.
Nome: 66_drop_stilla_gutta_pendere
Quantidade de documentos: 41
. Feathers (pinna) are named from 'being suspended' (pende¯re, 2nd conjugation), that is, from flying - hence also the word pend?ere ("suspend," 3rd conjugation) - for flying creatures move with the aid of feathers when they commit themselves to the air.
Stiria (lit. "frozen drop, icicle," here simply "drop") is a Greek word, that is 'drop' (gutta); from it the diminutive that we call stilla is formed.
As long as it stands or hangs suspended from roofs or trees, it is a gutta, as if 'glutinous' (glutinosus), but when it has fallen it is a stilla.
Nome: 67_soul_mind_mindless_amens
Quantidade de documentos: 41
The poet Ovid describes this when he says (Met. 1.84): While the rest of the stooping animals look at the ground, he gave the human an uplifted countenance, and ordered him to see the sky, and to raise his upturned face to the stars.
Whence the philosophers say that life can continue to exist even without the will, and that the soul can endure without the mind (mens) - which is why we use the term 'the mindless' (amens).
Therefore it is soul when it enlivens the body, will when it wills, mind when it knows, memory (memoria) when it recollects, reason (ratio) when it judges correctly, spirit when it breathes forth, sense (sensus) when it senses something.
Nome: 68_shoes_soles_foot_heel
Quantidade de documentos: 41
The back part of the soles is called the heel (calcis, i.e. calx); the name was imposed on it by derivation from 'hardened skin' (callum), with which we tread (calcare) on the earth (cf. solum, "soil"); hence also calcaneus (i.e. another word for 'heel').
. Talares (i.e. talaria) are slippers (soccus) that seem to be so named because they are so shaped that they come to the ankles (talus); similarly subtolares, because they come below (sub) the ankle, as if the term were subtalares.
Nailed (clavatus) shoes, [as if the word were claviatus, because the soles are joined to the uppers with small - that is, sharp - nails (clavus)]. 'Fur-lined boots' (perones) and sculponeae are country shoes.
Nome: 69_books_book_books old_old testament
Quantidade de documentos: 41
The first class, Law (Lex), is taken as being five books: of these the first is Bresith,1 which is Genesis; second Veelle Semoth, which is Exodus; third Vaiicra, which is Leviticus; fourth Vaiedabber, which is Numbers; fifth Elleaddebarim, which is Deuteronomy.
The second is Sophtim, which is Judges; third Samuel, which is First Kings; fourth Malachim, which is Second Kings; fifth Isaiah; sixth Jeremiah; seventh Ezekiel; eighth Thereazar, which is called the Twelve Prophets, whose books are taken as one because they have been joined together since they are short.
ytoç, "holy"; yp????tv, "write"), in which there are nine books: first Job; second the Psalter; third Masloth, which is the Proverbs of Solomon; fourth Coheleth, which is Ecclesiastes; fifth Sir hassirim, which is the Song of Songs; sixth Daniel; seventh Dibre haiamim, which means 'words of the days' (verba dierum), that is Paralipomenon (i.e. Chronicles); eighth Ezra; ninth Esther.
Nome: 70_son daughter_daughter_uncle_aunt
Quantidade de documentos: 40
The grandfather of my paternal uncle is my great-great-uncle (propatruus), and I am the grandson or granddaughter of his son or daughter.
The great-grandfather of my paternal uncle is my great-great-great-uncle (adpatruus), and I am the son or daughter of his grandson or granddaughter.
The great-grandmother (proavia) of my paternal aunt is my great-great-great paternal aunt (abamita) and I am the son or daughter of her grandson or granddaughter.
Nome: 71_married_wedding_marriage_bride
Quantidade de documentos: 39
In another manner, just as matron (matrona) is a name for the mother of a first child, that is, as though the term were the mater nati ("mother of one born"), so the 'materfamilias' is the woman who has borne several children - for a family (familia) comes into existence from two people.
Wives (uxor) are so called as though the word were unxior, for there was an ancient custom that, as soon as newlyweds would come to their husbands' threshold, before they entered they would decorate the door posts with woolen fillets and anoint (unguere, perfect unxi) them with oil.
There is a difference between a matron and a mother, and between a mother and a materfamilias; for a woman is called a 'matron' because she has entered in matrimony; a 'mother' because she has borne children; and 'materfamilias' because through certain procedures of law she has passed over into the household (familia) of her husband.
Nome: 72_letter_letters_greek words_entirely greek
Quantidade de documentos: 39
The old script consisted of seventeen Latin letters, and they are called legitimate (legitimus) for this reason: they either begin with the vowel E and end in a mute sound, if they are consonants, or because they begin with their own sound and end in the vowel E, if they are mutes [
The letter X did not exist in Latin until the time of Augustus, [and it was fitting for it to come into existence at that time, in which the name of Christ became known, which is written using the letter which makes the sign of the cross], but they used to write CS in its place, whence X is called a double letter, because it is used for CS, so that it takes its name from the composition of these same letters.
Only Greek words are written with the letters Y and Z, for although the letter Z expresses the sound in iustitia ("justice"), still, because the word is Latin, it must be written with a T. So also militia ("military"), malitia ("malice"), nequitia ("worthlessness"), and other similar words.
Nome: 73_urbs_towns_vicus_oppidum
Quantidade de documentos: 38
Some have said the word 'town' (oppidum) is from the 'opposing' (oppositio) of its walls; others, from its hoarding of wealth (ops), due to which it is fortified; others, because the community of those living in it gives mutual support (ops) against an enemy.
. Further, cities (civitas) are called 'colonial towns' (colonia), or 'free towns' (municipium), or hamlets, fortresses, or country villages.
Hamlets and fortresses and country villages are communities that are distinguished by none of the dignity of a city, but are inhabited by a common gathering of people, and because of their small size are tributary to the larger cities.
Nome: 74_open patere_spartum_patere_cup
Quantidade de documentos: 38
A patera is a phiala so called either because we usually drink (potare) from it, or because they are 'wide open' (patere) with wide rims.
A pot (catinum) is a ceramic vessel, and it is used more appropriately in the neuter rather than the masculine gender, just as we call the vessel for salt a salt-cellar (salinum, neuter gender).
A small pan (patella), as if the word were patula ("spread out"), for it is an olla witha rather open (patere) rim.
Nome: 75_coin_coinage_aerarium_nomisma
Quantidade de documentos: 38
Bronze (aes, gen. aeris) money came into use first, then silver, and finally gold followed, but money still retained its name from the metal with which it began (i.e. aes continued to mean 'money' as well as 'bronze').
9.A nomisma is a gold, silver, orbronze solidus, and it is called nomisma because it is stamped with the names (nomen, gen. nominis) and images of rulers.
Military standards (signum) are so called because an army receives from them its signal for retreat both in the course of fighting and in the case of victory, for an army is ordered either by the sound of a trumpet or by a signal flag.
Nome: 76_irony_tone voice_tone_report
Quantidade de documentos: 38
Between irony and antiphrasis there is this difference: that irony expresses what one intends to be understood through the tone of voice alone, as when we say to someone doing everything poorly, "You're doing a good job," while antiphrasis signifies the contrary not through the tone of voice, but only through its words, whose source has the opposite meaning.
Some think that the term 'fool' derives originally from admirers of Fatua, the prophesying wife of Faunus, and that they were first called fatuus because they were immoderately stupefied by her prophecies, to the point of madness.
Thus some pictures go beyond the substance of truth in their attention to color, and in their efforts to increase credibility move into falsehood, just as someone who paints a three-headed Chimera, or a Scylla as human in the upper half and girded with dogs' heads below.
Nome: 77_magic_hydromancy_magical_arts
Quantidade de documentos: 37
There is nothing surprising about the trickery of the magicians, since their skills in magic advanced to such a point that they even countered Moses with very similar signs, turning staffs into serpents and water into blood.
Hydromancers (hydromantius) are so called from water, for hydromancy is calling up the shades of demons by gazing into water, and watching their images or illusions, and hearing something from them, when they are said to consult the lower beings by use of blood.
They also imagine certain monstrosities from among irrational living creatures, like Cerberus, the dog of the nether world that has three heads, signifying through him the three ages in which death devours a human being - that is, infancy, youth, and old age.
Nome: 78_eyelids_vision_touch_eyes
Quantidade de documentos: 37
There are those who maintain that vision is created from external light in the air, or it is from a luminous inner spirit that proceeds from the brain through thin passages and, after it has penetrated the outer membranes, goes out into the air, where it produces vision upon mixing with a similar substance.
Eyes (oculus) are so called, either because the membranes of the eyelids cover (occulere) them so as to protect them from the harm of any chance injury, or because they possess a 'hidden light' (occultum lumen), that is, one that is hidden or situated within.
At the tips of the eyelids, where they touch each other when closed, the hairs growing in an orderly row stand out and serve to protect the eyes, so that they may not easily sustain injury from objects falling into the eye and be hurt, and so as to prevent contact with dust or with some coarser material; by blinking they also soften the impact of the air itself, and thus they cause vision to be precise and clear.
Nome: 79_psalms_praise_psaltery_praise god
Quantidade de documentos: 36
Furthermore, all the psalms of the Hebrews are known to have been composed in lyric meter; in the manner of the Roman Horace and the Greek Pindar they run now on iambic foot, now they resound in Alcaic, now they glitter in Sapphic measure, proceeding on trimeter or tetrameter feet.
Thusa 'canticle of a psalm' occurs when what a musical instrument plays, the voice of the singer afterwards sounds, but a 'psalm of a canticle' when the art of the instrument being played imitates what the human voice sounds first. 'Psalm' is named from the instrument called a psaltery, whence the custom is for it not to be accompanied by any other kind of playing.
But others consider it a Greek word, meaning "an interval in psalm-chanting"; as a psalm is what is psalm-chanted, so a diapsalm is the silence interposed in psalm-chanting - just as a synpsalma is a joining of voice in singing, so a diapsalm is a disjunction of vocal sounds, where a kind of rest set off from the continuation of sound is marked.
Nome: 80_slaves_slave_master_peculium
Quantidade de documentos: 36
When children are called liberi ("children"; lit. "free") in a legal sense, it is so that by this term they are distinguished from slaves, because just as a slave is in the power of his master, so a child (filius) is in the power of his father.
Copious (laetus, lit. "happy"), from amplitude (latitudo). 'Rich in lands' (locuples), as if the term were 'full of estate property' (locis plenus) and the owner of many properties, as Cicero teaches in the Second Book of his Republic (16): "And with a great production of sheep and cattle, because then their business was in livestock and the possession of places (locus), for which reason they were called wealthy (pecuniosus) and 'rich in lands' (locuples)."
Others, as mentioned above, named money after livestock, just as beasts of burden (iumentum) are named after 'helping' (iuvare), for among the ancients every inheritance was called peculium from the livestock (pecus) of which their entire property consisted.
Nome: 81_battering ram_battering_ram_net
Quantidade de documentos: 36
A head of iron is fashioned on a strong and knotty treetrunk, and, suspended by ropes, the ram is driven against a wall by many hands, and then drawn back it is aimed again with a greater force.
2. Against the thrust of a battering ram the remedy is a sack filled with straw and set in the place where the battering ram strikes, for the impact of the thrust of the battering ram is softened in the yielding hollow of the sack.
A testudo is also an interlinking of shields curved in the shape of a tortoise-shell, for soldiers take the names of various types of arms from animals, as 'battering ram' (aries, "ram").
Nome: 82_titans_hercules_mars_myrmidons
Quantidade de documentos: 35
Moreover, they say that the Titans of Greece were a robust people of preeminent strength who, the fables say, were created by the angry Earth for her revenge against the gods.
25.A kind of shadow and image of it is visible to this day in its ashes and trees, for in this area there is flourishing fruit with such an appearance of ripeness that it makes one want to eat it, but if you gather it, it falls apart and dissolves in ashes and gives off smoke as if it were still burning.
It is called Sigeum due to the silence of Hercules, because, denied hospitality by the Trojan king Laomedon, he feigned his departure and from there came back against Troy in silence, which is called oty?.
Nome: 83_human animal_homo_human_landdwelling
Quantidade de documentos: 35
The first species of definition is oùotÛ6?ç, that is, 'substantial' (substantialis), which is properly and truly called a definition, as is "A human being is an animal, rational, mortal, capable of feeling and of learning."
Although the origin of terms, whence they come, has received some accounting by philosophers - such that by derivation 'human being' (homo) is so called from 'humanity' (humanitas), or 'wise person' (sapiens) from 'wisdom' (sapientia), because wisdom comes first, then the wise person - nevertheless a different, special cause is manifest in the origin of certain terms, such as homo from 'soil' (humus), from which the word homo properly is so called.
The expression changes in various movements according to the will, whence the two terms for the face differ from each other, for while the face refers simply to someone's natural appearance, facial expression reveals what he has on his mind.
Nome: 84_fistula_wheels_vehicle_rota
Quantidade de documentos: 35
The charioteer (auriga) is properly so called because he 'drives and guides' (agere et regere), or because he 'beats' (ferire) the yoked horses, for one who 'gouges' (aurire) is one who 'beats' (ferire), as (Vergil, Aen. 10.314): He gouges (aurire, i.e. haurire, lit. "drink") the open side.
They use these in the East, for when they realize that a house is burning they run with siphons filled with water and extinguish the fire, and they also clean ceilings with water forced upwards from siphons.
A wagon (carrum) is so called from the axle (cardo) of its wheels, and hence 'chariot' (currus) is named, for it is seen to have wheels.
Nome: 85_substance_definitions_subject_accidents
Quantidade de documentos: 34
There are ten species of categories: substance, quantity, quality, relation, situation, place, time, habit, activity, and passivity (substantia, quantitas, qualitas, relatio, situs, locus, tempus, habitus, agere, pati).
In addition, there are things called 'secondary substances' (secunda substantia), in which types those things that were just now called substances in the principal sense are present and included, as the principal substance 'Cicero' is included in the secondary substance 'man.'
Further, 'being' (usia) is 'substance' (substantia) that is, the 'essential property' (proprium) that underlies (subiacere) the other categories; the remaining nine are accidents. 'Substance' is so called because every thing subsists (subsistere) with reference to itself.
Nome: 86_years_40 years_40_29 years
Quantidade de documentos: 34
3915 Deborah, 40 years.
4124 Samuel and Saul, 40 years.
4346 Jehoash, 40 years.
Nome: 87_uterus_semen_fetus_matrix
Quantidade de documentos: 34
A man's seed is a froth of blood that looks like water dashed against cliffs and making a white froth, or like dark wine that makes a whitish foam when shaken in a cup.
The matrix (matrix) is so called, because the fetus is engendered in it, for it fosters the received semen, gives a body to what is fostered and differentiates the limbs of that which has been given a body.
Ejaculated in sexual intercourse and taken into the uterus of a woman, it somehow takes shape in the body under the influence of the heat of the viscera and the irrigation of menstrual blood.
Nome: 88_evander_augustus_italy destruction_neapolis
Quantidade de documentos: 34
Capys Silvius, king of the Albans, built Capua, named after its founder, although some say Capua was named from 'capacity' (capacitas), because its land holds (capere) all produce for living, and others say from the flat (campester) land in which it is situated.
They say that Manto, the daughter of Tiresias, brought to Italy after the destruction of the Thebans, founded Mantua; it is in the Venetian territory which is called Cisalpine Gaul, and it is called Mantua because it 'looks after its departed spirits' (manestuetur).
Caesar Augustus built Emerita (i.e. Merida) after he had seized the region of Lusitania and certain islands of the Ocean, giving it that name because there he stationed veteran soldiers - for veteran and retired soldiers are called emeriti.
Nome: 89_beds_boards_cluster_boards tabula
Quantidade de documentos: 33
43. 'Stalls' formerly referred to the small buildings belonging to the common people, humble and simple neighborhood buildings that could be closed by planks and boards.
They are called stalls (taberna) because they are constructed of boards (tabula) and planks; even though they no longer look this way now they still retain the original name.
A 'tortoise-shell vault' (testudo, lit. 'tortoise shell') is a transverse vault of a temple, for the ancients would make the roofs of their temples in the shape of a tortoise shell.
Nome: 90_istria_peloponnese_macedonia_moesia
Quantidade de documentos: 31
In the east it has the Myrtean Sea, in the southeast the Cretan Sea, in the south the Ionian Sea, from the southwest and the west the Cassiopan islands, and only in the northern region is it adjoined to Macedonia and Attica.
It is adjacent to Noricum and Raetia; east of it lies Moesia, southeast Istria, southwest the Apennine Alps, in the west Belgian Gaul, in the north the source of the Danube and the border that divides Germania and Gaul.
This island, located in the African Sea, has the shape of a human footprint; it is broader in the east than in the west, whereas the southern and northern coasts are practically the same length, and for this reason, before there was traffic there, it was called by Greek sailors ï Iyvoç ("footprint").
Nome: 91_medicine_aesculapius_art medicine_diseases
Quantidade de documentos: 30
For by investigating the characteris109 tics of age, region, or type of illness, he deeply probed the study of the art in a rational way, so that he might use it to examine the causes of diseases with the application of reason:
The curing power of medicine should not be scorned, for we recall that Isaiah ordered something medicinal for Hezekiah when he was failing, and the apostle Paul said to Timothy that a moderate amount of wine is beneficial.
The treatment of diseases falls into three types: pharmaceutics (pharmacia), which Latin speakers call medication (medicamen); surgery (chirurgia), which Latin speakers call 'work of the hands' (manuum operatio) - for 'hand' is called y?(c)p by the Greeks (cf. also spyov, "work"); and regimen (diaeta), which Latin speakers call rule (regula), that is, the careful observance of a regulated way of life.
Nome: 92_baptism_sacraments_sacrament_sacramentum
Quantidade de documentos: 30
These things are called sacraments (sacramentum) for this reason, that under the covering of corporeal things the divine virtue very secretly brings about the saving power of those same sacraments - whence from their secret (secretus) or holy (sacer) power they are called sacraments.
This is the reason why baptism is enacted by water: the Lord desired that invisible thing to be granted through the congruent but definitely tangible and visible element over which in the beginning the Holy Spirit moved (Genesis 1:2).
The sacramental 'laying onof hands' (manusimpositio) is done to bid the Holy Spirit come, invoked by means of a blessing, for at that time the Paraclete, after the bodies have been cleansed and blessed, willingly descends from the Father and as it were settles on the water of baptism, as if in recognition of its settling on its original seat - for it is read that in the beginning the Holy Spirit moved over the waters (Genesis 1.2).
Nome: 93_cave_helicon_valleys_projecting
Quantidade de documentos: 29
Projecting (proiectus), 'thrown out far' (porro eiectus) and 'thrust forth' (proiactatus), whence also (Vergil, Aen. 3.699): And the projecting (proiectus) rocks, that is, thrust far out (porro iactatus).
A cave (specus) is a subterranean rift from which it is possible to 'look out' (prospicere); it is op?2atov in Greek, spelunca ("cave") in Latin.
10.A track (callis) is a narrow and beaten passageway for cattle among the mountains, named from calluses (callum) on the feet, or because it is hardened by the hooves (callum) of cattle.
Nome: 94_vermin_scorpion_scorpio_tarmus
Quantidade de documentos: 29
Vermin (vermis) are animals that are generated for the most part from flesh or wood or some earthy substance, without any sexual congress - but sometimes they are brought forth from eggs, like the scorpion.
There are flesh vermin: the hemicranius, the mawworm, the ascaris, the costus, the louse, the flea, the nit (lens), the tarmus, the tick, the usia, the bed-bug.
In particular, vermin (vermis, here specifically "maggots") are generated in putrid meat, the mothworm in clothing, the cankerworm in vegetables, the wood-worm in wood, and the tarmus in fat.
Nome: 95_nature things_lucretius nature_lucretius_dust
Quantidade de documentos: 29
Indeed, they are said to be joined thus among themselves with a certain natural logic, now returning to their origin, from fire to earth, now from earth to fire, since fire ends in air, and air is condensed into water, and water thickens into earth; and in turn, earth is loosened into water, water rarefied into air, and air thinned out into fire.
The reason why the sea has no increase in its size, even though it receives all the rivers and springs, is partly because its own huge size is not affected by the waters flowing in; then again, it is because the bitter water consumes the fresh water flowing in; or because the clouds themselves draw up and absorb a great deal of water; or because the winds carry away part of the sea, and the sun dries up part; finally, because it is percolated through certain hidden openings in the earth, and runs back again to the source of springs and fountains.
Dust (pulvis) is so named because it is driven (pellere) by the force (vis) of the wind, for it is carried on the breath of the wind, neither resisting nor able to stay put, as the Prophet says (Psalm 1:4): "Like the dust, which the wind driveth from the face of the earth."
Nome: 96_obolus_signs_diple_signum
Quantidade de documentos: 29
3. - The obolus, that is, a horizontal stroke, is placed next to words or sentences repeated unnecessarily, or by places where some passage is marked as false, so that, like an arrow, it slays the superfluous and pierces the false, for an arrow is called òß?2óç in Greek.
There are also other small marks (i.e. signes de renvoi) made in books for drawing attention to things that are explained at the edges of the pages, so that when the reader finds a sign of this type in the margin he may know that it is an explanation of the same word or line that he finds with a similar mark lying above it when he turns back to the text.
Recent emperors have ordained that these legal signs be abolished from codes of law, because shrewd people were cleverly deceiving many ignorant people by means of these signs.
Nome: 97_level_harbor_aequor_aqua
Quantidade de documentos: 28
But 'straits' (fretum) are named because there the sea is always seething (fervere); for a strait is narrow, a 'seething sea' (fervens mare) as it were, named from the agitation of the waves, as if it were 'agitating the sea' (fervens mare), like the Straits of Gibraltar or of Sicily.
The ancients would call it a harbor 'for shipping' (baia), from conveying (baiolare) merchandise, with the same declension - baia, gen. baias - as the declension familia, gen. familias ("household").
Likewise a custom house (teloneum) is the name of the place where the revenue of ships and the wages of sailors are paid, for there sits the tax collector who will set a price on things and demand it aloud from the merchants.
Nome: 98_sibyl_sibyls_phoroneus_king phoroneus
Quantidade de documentos: 28
In the Greek language all female seers are generally called Sibyls (sibylla), for in the Aeolian dialect the Greeks called God otóç, and mind ßoU2?; the mind of God, as it were.
And just as every man who prophesies is called either a seer (vates) or a prophet (propheta), so every woman who prophesies is called a Sibyl, because it is the name of a function, not a proper noun.
The fourth was the Cimmerian, in Italy; the fifth, the Erythraean, Herophila by name, who came from Babylon - she foretold to the Greeks attacking Troy that it would perish and that Homer would write lies.
Nome: 99_public_official_functus_immunis
Quantidade de documentos: 28
An office (officium) is so called from performing (efficere), as if it were efficium, with one letter in the word changed for the sake of euphony, or rather that each person should do those things that interfere (officere) with nobody but are of benefit to all.
32. 'Publican' (publicanus) is the title for the farmers of the taxes of the public treasury, or of public (publicus) affairs, or for those who exact the public taxes, or for those who chase profits through the business of the world - hence their name.
An allectus (i.e. a public official), because such a one is publicly elected (electus). 'Driven from office' (abactus), because one is removed from 'from public employment' (ab actus).
Nome: 100_teaching_clerics_christ_creed
Quantidade de documentos: 28
The word 'creed' (symbolum) from Greek means "sign" or "token of recognition," for the apostles, about to disperse for preaching the gospel among the nations, proposed the creed for themselves as a sign or guidepost for preaching.
Just as in Greek ?yy?2oç means "messenger" (nuntius) in Latin, so 'one who is sent' is called an 'apostle' in Greek (i.e. ?póoto2oç), for Christ sent them to spread the gospel through the whole world, so that certain ones would penetrate Persia and India teaching the nations and working great and incredible miracles in the name of Christ, in order that, from those corroborating signs and prodigies, people might believe inwhat the Apostles were saying and had seen.
A 'fit seeker' (competens) is so called because after instruction in the faith he 'fitly seeks' (competere) the grace of Christ; hence from 'seeking' (petere) they are called 'fit seekers.'
Nome: 101_bishops_sacerdos_chief_priest
Quantidade de documentos: 28
The etymologies of certain patriarchs ought to be noted, so that we may know what is reflected in their names, for many of them took their names from specific causes. 'Patriarchs' means "chiefs among the fathers" (patrum principes), for ?pyóç in Greek means 'chief' (princeps).
A priest (sacerdos) has a name compounded of Greek and Latin, as it were 'one who gives a holy thing' (sacrum dans), for as king (rex) is named from 'ruling' (regere), so priest from 'making sacrifice' (sacrificare) - for he consecrates (consecrare) and sanctifies (sanctificare).
Elders (presbyter) are also called priests (sacerdos), because they perform the sacraments (sacrum dare), as do bishops; but although they are priests (sacerdos) they do not have the highest honor of the pontificate, for they neither mark the brow with chrism nor give the Spirit, the Comforter, which a reading of the Acts of the Apostles shows may be done by bishops only.
Nome: 102_sky_like engraved_measured_engraved
Quantidade de documentos: 27
Yet whoever the inventor was, he was stirred by the movement of the heavens and prompted by the reasoning of his mind, and through the changing of the seasons, through the fixed and defined courses of the stars, through the measured expanses of their distances apart, he made observations of certain dimensions and numbers.
The philosophers have said that the sky (caelum, "sky, heaven, the heavens") is rounded, spinning, and burning; and the sky is called by its name because it has the figures of the constellations impressed into it, just like an engraved (caelare) vessel.
The sky (caelum) is so named because, like an engraved (caelatum) vessel, it has the lights of the stars pressed into it, just like engraved figures; for a vessel which glitters with figures that stand out is called caelatus.
Nome: 103_voices_voice_tenor_sounds
Quantidade de documentos: 26
A hard (durus) voice is one that emits sounds violently, like thunder, or like the sound of the anvil, when the hammer strikes on the hard iron.
A perfect (perfectus) voice is high, sweet, and distinct: high, so that it can reach the high range; distinct, so that it fills the ears; sweet, so that it soothes the spirits of the listeners.
The windpipe (arteria) is so called either because by its means air (aer), that is, breath, is conducted from the lungs, or else because it retains the vital breath in tight (artus) and narrow passageways, whence it emits the sounds of the voice.
Nome: 104_length breadth_solidus_breadth_cubes
Quantidade de documentos: 26
A solid (solidus) number is one that is consists of length, breadth, and height, like pyramids, which rise up in the manner of a flame: (fig.).
A planar (superficalis) number is one that is composed not only of length, but also of breadth, such as the triangular, quadrangular, pentagonal, or circular numbers, and so on, which always exist in a flat (planus) region, that is, a surface (superficies).
A cube (cubus) is, properly, a solid figure that consists of length, breadth, and height (fig.).
Nome: 105_kings_kings called_rex_governing
Quantidade de documentos: 25
1.A reign (regnum) is so named from a king (rex, gen. regis), for as kings are so called from governing (regere), so reigns are called after the word for kings.
Kings are so called from governing, and as priests (sacerdos) are named from 'sacrificing' (sacrificare), so kings (rex, gen. regis) from governing (regere, also meaning "keep straight, lead correctly").
Indeed it is customary for later kings to use the name of the first one, as among the Albans all the kings of the Albans are called Silvii after the name of Sylvius; similarly for the Persians the Arsacidae, for the Egyptians the Ptolemies, for the Athenians the Cecropidae.
Nome: 106_conjunctions_conjunctions called_conjunction_aut
Quantidade de documentos: 25
The conjunction (coniunctio) is so called because it 'joins together' (coniungere) meanings and phrases, for conjunctions have no force on their own, but in their combining of other words they present, as it were, a certain glue.
Disjunctive (disiunctivus) conjunctions are so called because they disjoin things or persons, as "let's do it, you or (aut) I." Subjoined (subiunctivus) conjunctions are so called because they are attached behind (subiungere), as -que ("and").
4. Causal (causalis) conjunctions are named from the reason (causa) that people intend to do something, for example, "I kill him, because (quia) he has gold"; the second clause is the reason.
Nome: 107_forge_drinking bowl_bowl_rulers
Quantidade de documentos: 25
It also has the name statera from its number, because it stands (stare+ter, "thrice") evenly balanced with two plates and a single pointer in the middle.
Strictly speaking the flame (flamma) of a forge is so named because it is stirred up by the blasts (flatus) of the bellows.
A pot (olla) is so called because in it water put on the fire 'bubbles up' (ebullire), as vapor is released upwards.